Types of Soil free essay sample

This is how one sixth-grader describes the way of playing video games. Such video games can seem like harmless fun, but what if the violence gets personal and addicts young teenagers, affecting their behavior and their view of reality? Some studies have shown that violent game players just do not leave it there on their game screens; they transfer the violent acts they get attached to, to the real world. Violent games have been shown to increase game player’s quest to experiment how all that stuff will look like in the real world. There is no doubt that violent video games have no effect on certain people, but for the most and especially in teenagers, the effects are negative and have led to fatalities and destruction of properties in certain instances. Although some parents claim that violence video games have bad effects on teenagers because they’re behavior changes, teenagers play too much violent games because they are very addicting. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Soil or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some parents say that violent video games have bad effects on young teenagers. But most video- game players have normal lives. Most important, just because a player does not instantly take or follow violence found in video games does not mean the games will not have negative result on that player’s views and behavior. The violent games will have negative effects on teenagers. Young teenager’s behavior will have a big change. Because of this case, parents should be responsible for buying video games and should forbid young teenagers from buying those games that are violent. If parents do not take the responsibility than teenagers do not know what they are doing and what is good for them. Before teenagers take a big wrong step, parents should be there to take care of the situation. I have a little nephew in seventh grade and he loves violence video games. He loves playing call of duty. My aunt always gives him the money to buy any game that he likes. He loves the smell of money. She never checks to see what game he might have bought. Because of her not being responsible, my little cousin always gets into school fights with other children. So every parent must be responsible for their own child. Some parents say that violent video games have bad effects on young teenagers because a number of people claim that playing a violent video game does present a bad threat to user’s health. For an example, I have a younger brother who is seventeen years old. He loves playing violent video games. Every day, when he is home from school with his spiky brown hair, he starts playing the WrestleMania game. He does not eat anything and he talks to himself while playing the game. He does not realize that his behavior is changing by playing violent video games. One time, he tried to kick me in my stomach but a police man saw him and told him to stop. My parents made him quit playing violent video-games. Ever since he stopped playing violent video games his behavior has changed a lot. He now realizes he was out of control and it is all because of the violent video games. He sold his Xbox to one of his close friends. I am glad my parents took good care of it because it is their responsibility to look after their son. Some parents say that violent video games have bad effects on young teenagers because; there was a shooting in Colorado movie theatre. Twelve people were killed and fifty eight were injured by a graduate student. The guy who killed all these people was a very educated man. But he lost his sense of humor. He was out of control. People thought that the shooting was a part of the movie also. He was dressed up as the joker from the movie batman. Later the doctors found out he had some type of brain damage watching too much violent movies and playing games. So, he was not okay in his head. His behavior made so many people lose their lives. So many people lost their loved ones that day. And again violent community and games can damage people’s brains. Some parents say that violent video games have good effects on young teenagers because violent games can be new information to some teenagers, because it is something new and different from their daily lifestyle. They think violent games can help their child with memorization because it provides pretty text to look at. The video games have nice graphics for teenagers. It helps a teenager look at new information and advances them. Some parents think that teenagers learn better by looking at graphics and text that are provided by violent games. Parents think new and different inspires teenagers and games inspire them in a good way. But mostly business owner parents are saying this. But at the end of the day, it is every parent’s job to be responsible for their own child. Parents should pay more attention to their children while children are playing violent video games.

Example University Of Maryland Admisson Essay

Example University Of Maryland Admisson Essay Free Online Research Papers Example University Of Maryland Admisson Essay June 11, 2004, 4:37 a.m. As dawn approached I was still awake, packing and repacking my bags. As I noticed the rainy weather I wondered what the weather would be like in Sells, Arizona. I had been anticipating this missions trip for weeks and had planned meticulously for it. My parents called me paranoid, but I really only wanted to be prepared; after all, I was going to live for weeks without family. The first step in this new experience was to let go of the starting point and family. As I left for the airport, they looked at me as though they would never see me again. However, although the worry they expressed was earnest, something inside me felt compelled to push away all my insecurities as we exchanged our farewells. After the missions teams five hour plane ride across America to Sells, we were at our final destination. Surprisingly, after the strenuous workout of dragging around heavy luggage with a combination of being sleep-deprived, one look at the few enthusiastic church members was all it took to transfer their contagious energy into my own body. Thousands of miles away from home, I felt as though I had been abducted by aliens since my surroundings were remote and exotic. The exhausting heat and barren land were all foreign to me. Upon arriving at the destination, I observed carefree children playing in decrepit shelters. As I adjusted to my surroundings, I befriended the natives that I would live with for the next two weeks. Each one of them possessed a unique personality; yet, like my friends at home, they all had the same quality in their smile, which never failed to persuade me to return that same genuine smile. However, despite their seemingly contented attitude on the surface, deep inside each one of them was a harrowing whimper for help. Many were struggling to escape poverty, gangs, homelessness, drugs, and hardships beyond my imagination. Soon, I realized that I took many of my opportunities and possessions for granted, and became more determined than ever to give what I could to my Arizona kids. . The unforgiving sunlight woke me every morning and hauled me out of my sleeping bag. Although sometimes I would be discouraged at the challenging tasks before me, my comrades, especially my friend Steves utmost jubilation and optimism encouraged me as we tackled another day of service. After a couple days of the routine breakfast, bible study and crafts, praise and worship, I became gradually more confident in my abilities to help others. I formed habit of waking up early and tried to rise even before the sun. One morning I set out to help my pastor prepare the days food and services. In return, I received gratitude and sense of assurance from my pastor and the other missionaries analogous to the comfort of home and family. In my serving I received, in return, a sense of accomplishment and belonging. This leadership position was crucial because of the duties that I fulfill for the mission and children. But, I also realized such position holds a greater importance because I am able to be a motivator and influence others in a undertaking to make a difference in old child, an elderly, disabled, and countless others who seek help. In every project my prayer was that I would make at least one persons day brighter. I grew less aware of unbearable heat and lack of luxury, as I saw the change in the lives of the children I met. I devoted every motion and thought into the service to the children. What I thought would be a simple mission trip extended to one of much more significance, a lesson in life, giving me motivation to view life in a new perspective. I came to realize just how harsh of a condition these kids grew up in. Having always been provided with all the necessities in life by none other than my own two parents, I never understood exactly how well I had it. Essentially, what began as a mission to change the kids became a journey in which these kids, who were more unfortunate than I ever was, changed me by teaching me to cherish everything I had. .I returned home, with a better understanding of the importance of family, a greater appreciation for my teachers and their service in education. I also gained a new determination to serve those around me. Through my involvement of community service, ranging from serving food and playing music in homeless shelters to helping the elderly play bingo at retirement homes to tutoring elementary school kids, I have realized the truth in Martin Luther Jr.s proclamation: Everybody can be great because anybody can serve. You dont have to have a college degree to serve. You dont have to make your subject and verb agree to serve. You only need a heart full of grace. A soul generated by love. By attending University of Maryland, I hope to find even more opportunities to serve others. Realizing the importance of viewing every opportunity as a precious gift, I am confident that I will be able to take my pursuit of knowledge to its highest level. I am excited to be immersed in intellectual inquiry that I seek from a college setting and will make myself be known as a disciplined person who tackles challenges and is not satisfied until the best has been achieved. Through exchange of ideas and collaboration of efforts, I wish to build a promising and fulfilling future where I can not only fulfill my dreams but impacting the lives of people I love, know and live among this world. To me, college is the best opportunity that can be given to a person; I will seize college to make it the pinnacle of my accomplishments. 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Free Essays on Article Analysis Of Young Children’s Perceptions Of Time Out

Article Analysis 1 Article Analysis of Young Children’s Perceptions of Time Out Christine A. Readdick and Paula L Chapman of Florida State University do an exploratory study to find out how preschoolers, ages two, three, and four years, feel about and perceive time out. Since this is the first study that involves the preschooler’s feelings and opinions on the time out, this is an important discovery. They believe that because of the social inexperience of a preschooler, time out may be harmful to their social development. Not knowing any better, children tend to see themselves negatively, and then act out according to that negative â€Å"label†. (Readdick & Chapman, 2000) The researchers were interested in these five research questions: 1. What feelings about time out do young children express? 2. What perceptions of time out do young children express? 3. What behavioral events are resulting in preschooler children being placed in time out by their teachers? 4. What difference in feelings about time out can be identified between children who perceive themselves to be frequently in time out and those who perceive themselves to be infrequently in time out? 5. What is the correspondence of the child’s stated reason for being in time out and the observer’s view of the reason for the child being in time out? (Readdick & Chapman, 2000) With no previous knowledge of a child’s impression of time out, these answers will benefit the researchers and others in the field of child care to better understand time out the same way a child comprehends time out. Article Analysis 3 A total of 42 two-, three-, and four-year-old children took part in this study. Twenty-three were boys, and 19 were girls. They were observed in a natural setting, both indoor and outdoor classroom atmospheres, of 11 separate child care centers in a north Florida community of families. The first author composed a 17-questian interview, wh... Free Essays on Article Analysis Of Young Children’s Perceptions Of Time Out Free Essays on Article Analysis Of Young Children’s Perceptions Of Time Out Article Analysis 1 Article Analysis of Young Children’s Perceptions of Time Out Christine A. Readdick and Paula L Chapman of Florida State University do an exploratory study to find out how preschoolers, ages two, three, and four years, feel about and perceive time out. Since this is the first study that involves the preschooler’s feelings and opinions on the time out, this is an important discovery. They believe that because of the social inexperience of a preschooler, time out may be harmful to their social development. Not knowing any better, children tend to see themselves negatively, and then act out according to that negative â€Å"label†. (Readdick & Chapman, 2000) The researchers were interested in these five research questions: 1. What feelings about time out do young children express? 2. What perceptions of time out do young children express? 3. What behavioral events are resulting in preschooler children being placed in time out by their teachers? 4. What difference in feelings about time out can be identified between children who perceive themselves to be frequently in time out and those who perceive themselves to be infrequently in time out? 5. What is the correspondence of the child’s stated reason for being in time out and the observer’s view of the reason for the child being in time out? (Readdick & Chapman, 2000) With no previous knowledge of a child’s impression of time out, these answers will benefit the researchers and others in the field of child care to better understand time out the same way a child comprehends time out. Article Analysis 3 A total of 42 two-, three-, and four-year-old children took part in this study. Twenty-three were boys, and 19 were girls. They were observed in a natural setting, both indoor and outdoor classroom atmospheres, of 11 separate child care centers in a north Florida community of families. The first author composed a 17-questian interview, wh...

Philosophy of Business and The Teachings of Jesus †Business Essay

Philosophy of Business and The Teachings of Jesus – Business Essay Free Online Research Papers Philosophy of Business and The Teachings of Jesus Business Essay My philosophy of business is based on the teachings of Jesus in the New Testament. Jesus taught primary the form of story or parable. Many of these parables dealt with the theme of money, investments, and greed. Even though the parables were taught over two thousand years ago, I believe in a sense Jesus, gave us a prefect model of how to conduct business in today’s time. A persons’ worldview of life can demonstrate their perspective on life and their philosophy of business. WORLDVIEW According to the biblical book of Matthew, Jesus shares an important passage and for me it is a foundational for my worldview of life and business. Jesus is sharing with a crowd of people that find His teaching life changing. Jesus says in Matthew chapter six verses nineteen thru twenty one, â€Å"Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy, and where thieves break in and steal. But store up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where moth and rust do not destroy, and where thieves do not break in and steal. For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also.† These passages talks a lot more than just how handle and view money or treasures, they express the importance of having your heart or worldview in line with God’s heart or worldview because your heart is where you get your worldview. When explaining the term â€Å"worldview† James Olthuis, author of On Worldviews, says, â€Å"All the factors of life-biophysical, emot ional, rational, socioeconomic, ethical, and religious affect worldview.† I agree with Olthuis’ definition of worldview because all the factors of life will allow you to understand your role in life and, in turn, your role in life will demonstrate our worldview of life. The bible does not discuss in great detail how God created the world, rather its worldview assumes God created the world. The biblical view of creation is not in conflict with science; rather, it is in conflict with any worldview that starts without a creator. The world is not a product of blind chance and probability; God created it. The bible not only tells us that the world was created by God; more importantly, it tells us who God is. It reveals God’s personality, his character, and his plan for his creation. It also reveals God’s deepest desire: to relate to and fellowship with the people he created. All the factors in my life lead me to believe that I had a creator and I knew that through this â€Å"creator† I would be able to answer the age old question, â€Å"Who am I?†, and know the purpose and meaning of my life. The biblical passages of Genesis 1: 27, 28 and Genesis 2: 15 says, â€Å"So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. God blessed them and said to the, â€Å"Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and over every living creature that moves on the ground. The Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it.† These biblical scriptures give a clear understanding of how and why we were created. Knowing that we are made in God’s image and thus share many of his characteristics provides a sold basis for self-worth. Human worth is not based on possessions, achievemen ts, physical attractiveness, or public acclaim. Instead it is based on being made in God’s image. Whatever is stored in your heart is how you will live your life, Luke 6:45, â€Å"The good man brings good things out of the good stored up in his heart, and the evil man brings evil things out of the evil stored up in his heart. For out of the overflow of his heart his mouth speaks.† The heart is what the Lord looks at in man, 1 Kings 8: 39, â€Å"For you alone know the hearts of all men,† because it is with your heart that you can believe in Jesus and are justified, Romans 10:10, â€Å"For it is with your heart that you believe and are justified.† Jesus explains what is in a man’s heart in Mark chapter seven verse twenty thru twenty three, and Jesus says,† What comes out of a man is what makes him unclean. For from within, out of men’s hearts, come evil thoughts, sexual immorality, theft, murder, adultery, greed, malice, deceit, lewdness, envy, slander, arrogance and folly. All these evils come from inside and make a man unclean.† According to the biblical scriptures, a changed heart is the only key to have a relationship with God. The reason one needs a changed heart is because according to biblical book of Jeremiah chapter a heart that is unchanged is considered sinful and unacceptable to God, Romans 3:23, â€Å"For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.† Jeremiah seventeen verse nine, â€Å"The heart is deceitful above all things and beyond cure.† Jeremiah struggled with God and learned the nature of his heart and the human heart in general. Evil actions spring from the human heat, the center of reason and decision. Evil actions are rooted in an evil heart. Humans enjoy setting up rules, prejudices, taboos, and laws which define what is good and what is evil. The Pharisees had set up a long list of such traditional definitions for the Jews. Jesus reminded them that God, not humans, is the only source for defining what is evil. God defines evil in relations to humans by their desir es and intentions. Evil motives make us evil, so that we succumb to satanic temptation and to our own desires, thus committing evil actions. God makes it clear why we sin; it’s a matter of the heart. Our hearts have been inclined toward sin from the time we were born. It is easy to fall into the routine of forgetting and forsaking God. But man’s heart was not always unclean and sinful, it was pure and clean because God created humans so He could have a relationship with them. PROBLEMS OF HUMAN INDIVIDUALS It wasn’t until man chose to disobey God that man’s heart became unclean and sinful. According to the biblical book of Romans 5:12-14, â€Å"Therefore, just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way came to all men, because all sinned. For before the law was given, sin was in the world. But sin is not taken into account when there is no law. Nevertheless, death reigned from the time of Adam to the time of Moses, even over those who did no sin by breaking a command, as did Adam, who was pattern of the one to come.† God created man and put him in a garden that would satisfy all of his desires and needs. In the middle of this garden God placed a tree call the tree of knowledge of good and evil and God commanded man not to eat from this tree or he would surely die. God created man with the ability to exercise free will and on day man made a decision that would change God’s plan for man and creation because man disobeyed God and ate from the tree, according to Genesis 3: 6 through 9. These verses show God’s desire to have fellowship with man. God wanted to be with them, but because of their sin they were afraid to show themselves. Sin had broken their close relationship with God because of Adam’s disobedience. Man’s ability to exercise free will caused man to sever the relationship with God and gave birth to sin. The sinful nature in man has a very powerful force. The sin in man’s life will take control of man’s actions, desires, and ultimately bring death, James 1:15, â€Å"Then, after desire has conceived, it gives birth to sin, and sin, when it is full-grown, gives birth to death.† The book, Business Through the Eyes of Faith, states that, â€Å"We were created to know God and have God’s view of reality; in knowing God we can come to know and do what is right in his sight; and in knowing God and doing right we can separate ourselves from evil and be holy.† With the worldview that all humans are created with a sinful nature, I can understand why immorality, injustice, lack of ethics, selfishness, disloyalty, and greed are part of everyday characteristic in people all over the business world. A perfect example of these characteristics can be seen by the actions of Martha Stewart and Enron. MEANING OF LIFE What makes for genuine human fulfillment and satisfaction in the long run can be answered by first understanding one’s worldview on life. I believe that there are truly two answers to the question â€Å"What is the meaning of life.† The first can be explained by the circle of life, in which, finding satisfaction and meaning in life changes from day to day because as humans grow each day their needs change. The other fulfillment in life can incorporate both the development of life and a spiritual one. My worldview on the meaning of life and what it means to find true fulfillment and satisfaction in life can only be found in doing the will of God. We all have a purpose in life, the prophet Jeremiah knew what his purpose was, according to Jeremiah 1:5. The Lord says to Jeremiah, â€Å"Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, before you were born I se you apart; I appointed you as a prophet tot eh nations,† even though our purpose in life may not be to become a prophet like Jeremiah, God know us, long before we are born or even conceived. In Isaiah 17:7-11, God sends a message to the people of Damascus, that He will completely destroy the city and everyone in it because the people of Damascus had stopped depending to God, and instead depended on their idols and own strength and no matter on how successful they were on their own strength, God’s judgment was sure. The primary contribution of this work may be a negative one. It forces the world’s claims to the good life to face the spot life of truth: work, pleasures, drink, sex, wealth, human abilities, knowledge, youthful pleasures- all entice us to follow them into paradise, hope and fulfillment. But God says we will reap grief and pain if we depend on temporal things to give us meaning in life. From creation, God created humans with a purpose and that was to have an intimate loving relationship and fellowship with Him, according Genesis 3: 8 and 9, which states, â€Å"then the man and his wife heard the sound of the Lord God as He was walking in the ga rden in the cool of the day, and they hid from the Lord God among the trees of the garden. But the Lord God called to the man, ‘Where are you?’†. There verses show God’s desire to have fellowship with man but because of sin, they hid from Him. Jesus’ own words describe for humans is to live an abundant life, John 10:10, â€Å"The thief comes only to steal, kill, and destroy; I have come they man may have life and have it to the full.† To experience the fullness of life that Jesus talks about in John 10:10, a life of abundance, a richer and fuller life can only be achieved when we do the will of God. I agree with King Solomon, the wisest man who ever lived had to say about true satisfaction and the meaning of life. Solomon searched for satisfaction almost as though he was conducting a scientific experiment. Through this process, he discovered that life without God is a long and fruitless search for enjoyment, meaning, and fulfillment, Ecclesiastes 2: 10 and 11, â€Å"I denied myself nothing my eyes desired; I refused my heart no pleasure. My heart took delight in all work, and this was the reward for all my labor. Yet when I surveyed all that my hands had done and what I had toiled to achieve, everything was meaningless, a chasing after the wind.† True happiness is not in our power to accumulate or attain because we will always want more. In addition, there are circumstances beyond our control that can snatch away our possessions or attainments. Solomon says how empty it is to pursue the pleasures that this life has to offer rather than a relationship with the eternal God. The search for pleasure, wealth, and success is ultimately disappointing according to Solomon. Nothing in the world can fill the emptiness and satisfy the deep longings in our restless hearts. Solomon tried to shake people’s confidence in their own efforts, abilities, wisdom and tried to direct them to faith in God as the only sound basis for living. Without God, there is no lasting reward or benefit in hard work. The certainty of death makes all merely human achievements futile. God has a pan for human destiny that goes beyond life and death. The reality of aging and dying reminds each individual of the end to come when God will judge each person’s life. Human wisdom does not contain all the answers. Knowledge and education have their limits. To understand life, we need the wisdom that can be found only in God’s word to us in the bible. PLACE OF BUSINESS As Christians in the business world, we are accountable to a higher calling and should do all work as if we are working for the Lord, Ephesians 6: 5 through 7, â€Å"Slaves, obey your earthly masters with respect and fear, and with sincerity of heart, just as you would obey Christ. Obey them not only to win their favor when their eye is on you, but like slaves of Christ, doing the will of God from your heart. Serve wholeheartedly, as you were serving the Lord, not men.† Paul instructions encourage responsibility and integrity on the job. Christian employees should do their job as if Jesus Christ were their supervisor. And Christian employers should treat their employees fairly and with respect. Although Christians may be at different levels in earthly society, we are all equal before God. He does not play favorites; no one is more important than anyone else. Paul’s instruction gives a perfect example of my foundation of my philosophy of business which can be found in t he parables of Jesus. The parable of the Rich Fool in Luke 12: 13 through 21 teach how God view money and the dangers of it. Jesus’ message about accumulation of wealth from this parable is that life is more than material good, our relationship with Him is far more important. Jesus says that the good life has nothing to do with being wealthy, so be on your guard against greed (the desire for what we don’t have). This is exact opposite of what society usually says. Advertisers spend millions of dollars to entice us to think that if we buy more and more of their products, we will be happier, more fulfilled, more comfortable. As Christians, we have to learn how to tune out expensive enticements and concentrate instead on the truly good life, living in a relationship with God and doing his work. The rich man in this parable died before he could begin to use what was stored in his big barns. Planning for retirement and preparing for life before death is wise, but neglecting life after death is di sastrous. No one can serve God and money, Matthew 6: 24, â€Å"No one can serve two masters. Either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve both God and money.† Material things are not bad in themselves. They become bad when we place more importance on them than on our relationship with God. The parable of Talents in Matthew 14: 14 through 29 teach on stewardship. God gives time, gifts, and other resources according to our abilities, and he expects us to invest them wisely until he returns. We are responsible to use well what God has given us. The issue is not how much we have, but how well we use it. No one received more or less than he could handle. If he failed in his assignment, his excuse could not be that he was overwhelmed. Failure could come only from laziness. Christ taught accountability and faithfulness to God. Those faithful in managing received additional trusts. Life and all its possessions are our trust from God. We are responsible to mange our time, abilities, and possessions so God and His kingdom will receive the greatest return. Serving God’s purposes in the world gives value to money and goods. Giving to meet the needs of fellow Christians is one way of serving Christ. We must daily seek opportunities to minister to the poor, afflicted, and s uffering of our world. Our time, abilities, and money are not ours in the first place; we are just caretakers, not owners. Contrary to popular belief on the Christian’s viewpoint of money, this is that money is the root of all evil. Jesus never condemns money in itself; he condemns the idea of making money more important than serving Him. Money and possessions is a gift from God, Ecclesiastes 5:19, â€Å"when God gives any man wealth and possessions, and enables him to enjoy them, to accept his lot and be happy in his work-this is a gift of God.† God has intended man to enjoy His gifts, even possessions and wealth, but only when man puts Him first, and not money. In conclusion, the very foundation of my business philosophy is trust God, and to remain firm in the belief that everything belongs to Him. Research Papers on Philosophy of Business and The Teachings of Jesus - Business EssayCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoMind TravelHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayHip-Hop is ArtMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalWhere Wild and West MeetAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementResearch Process Part One

The Role of Stakeholders in the Indigenous Employment Program of Rio Case Study

The Role of Stakeholders in the Indigenous Employment Program of Rio Tinto - Case Study Example The company has been steadfast in creating employment opportunities for the indigenous people in Australia. A majority of these people are of aboriginal origins, but some of them belong to other tribes or sub-tribes. Since most of its major operations and plants are located in rural or remote areas, Rio Tinto feels obligated to return the favor by promoting the development of those areas. The only way it is capable of doing this is by creating space for those people in their company. This gives indigenous people the opportunity to secure the futures of current and future generations, and move away from the mainly subsistence form of life they are used. In this day and age, it is worrying to know that there are people who are so close, yet so far, to civilization. What Rio Tinto is doing is bringing civilization to the indigenous people of Australia, and there is nothing better than what they are doing at the moment. It is worth noting that the company is not solely focused on just employing indigenous people. It supports (through educational grants and other forms of support) individuals from indigenous communities who have the potential to make positive changes in society. This makes a lot of sense because if its only intention was to employ people it would be unable to find enough people to employ. For example, if the company wanted indigenous people to form ten percent of its total workforce and only managed to realize a five percent figure, where would the other five percent come from? Rio Tinto’s strategy is based on spot, supporting, training and then employing individuals from indigenous communities. This ensures that its conveyor belt does not run dry, and keeps churning out skilled and qualified personnel. For many years, the indigenous peoples of Australia were maligned, ridiculed, scorned and mistreated2. This however changed with the passing and signing into law of several legislations that made it mandatory for indigenous people to be accorded their full rights as lawful citizens of Australia.

Case study Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case study Report - Essay Example This globalization develops a significant test to service providers like PwC: the manner in which to arrive at the needed degree of international co-ordination of the efforts of 160,000 individuals globally without reducing the firm’s receptiveness locally in 150 countries where PwC operates. Human resource management as well as management development specifically play a vital role. This issue is significantly compounded since PwC is a firm where most of the workforce has the capability to advance to management positions, even though only a limited number have the aim, prospect or chance to actually get there. Many junior staff members could have joined the management development or trainee program of another large organization but at PwC, managers as well as those who wish to become managers are a majority when all the staff is considered. Conversely, PwC has global management positions that are supposed to be filled. Internationalization has always been an intricate tactical problem and continues to be so for PwC and on the contrary, the huge dimension of local markets demands for progressive watchfulness and suppleness locally. On the contrary, the continued existence of the firm is dependent on its capability to arrive at global synergy in dealing with big global customers. A lot of literature has been written to date concerning the internationalization of HRM and many models created to address the dissimilarities and resemblance in several forms of global human resource management. These models are founded on the boundaries to which one or more national cultures are involved with the global HRM (Perlmutter, 1969) while the boundaries to which either one international HRM policy is sought or many local centers are employed (Adler and Ghadar, 1990). Party to the internationalization procedures of the heritage of Coopers & Lybrand, all these models proved insufficient to act as a principle for arriving at the needed

Karsk Lanscape Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Karsk Lanscape - Essay Example When rain water first flows through acidic soils, it becomes much more acidic and more capable of dissolving superior quality rocks and large volume of the rock. As acidified water percolates through the cracks on limestone, it enlarges them gradually, allowing more water to get through. Continuation of this process with time enlarges the fissures to an extent they can take in entire rain water moments after falling. Underground, the water from the fissures join up to form small underground streams, causing massive and widespread corrosion and dissolution of rocks. These lead to development of underground cavities at varied depths and of different sizes. Notable karst areas include the Nullarbor Plain in Australia and Chocolate hills, Philippines among many others (Larsen, 2003). Karstification results in formation of varied features of varied sizes and at different depths. Karst topography has some small sized features on its surface collectively referred to as Karren or Lapiez. Examples of these are: As acidic rain occurs, it runs on the surface and causes dissolution of limestone or other soluble surface rock. As it keeps running over the surface, it dissolves and sculptures it with each run of water causing grooves and solution flutes on the ground. This causes a vast area of parallel flutes known by their German name Rillenkarren Vertical joints and bedding planes in limestone can be widened and enlarged by solutions to form a series of deep elongated slots called grikes. Such larger and fairly deeper features are known as grikes. These are closed depressions in karst areas, usually circular in outline. Dolines either formed by dissolution of rocks close to the surface or by underground dissolution that forms a cavity whose roof then collapses to expose a hollow depression on the surface. Sinkholes formed by dissolution of rock is are fairly well rounded

Reflection and critical evaluation of performance, progress and Essay

Reflection and critical evaluation of performance, progress and learning - Essay Example There was a 25 day placement for the ‘WBL’ module and I used various methods to find a placement. I ended up looking at ‘The Sheffield Star’. I was lucky to find a job at ‘Matalan’. I attached my curriculum vitae in the form that I downloaded from the website of the company. After filling the form, I left it in the store. I was able to receive calls informing to come for an interview. I had been waiting anxiously hoping for the best. In one week time, I was able to receive a letter informing that I had successfully passed the interview and I was suppose to report after one week. My Performance on the job We are able to look back and learn through the practice and experience we have undergone mainly through reflective practice as confirmed by (Hartog, 2004: 2). My ‘Motivators’ were; the work itself, responsibilities, money, the star board in the staff room and my planned holiday. However Gearge (1996: 75) argues â€Å"Money is a tem porary motivator†. ... I was able to build a network with my colleagues strengthening the ties between us. I was encouraged by the network theory as expressed by Granovetter (1970). My colleagues were really impressed by the way I performed my activities making them to be close to me most of the time. I had a sense of belonging from the colleagues that encouraged me to effectively communicate with my colleagues (Hartog, 2004). Through effective communication I was able to know all employees that were in my in my department with their names. This enabled the job to be done effectively. The hygiene factors are necessary for the success of any job. This is due to the fact that every job requires workers who are healthy (Herzberg, 1959). I could not be able to work well if the health conditions were not of good quality. My performance at work was mainly encouraged by the presence of the salary. I knew it very well in my mid that without salary I could not work to my best. One thing that demotivated was the wor k conditions. The workstation that I had been assigned was small as compared to the ones of my colleagues. In every organization, supervision of the workers is necessary to improve the quality of work performance. This will enable the organization to be successful (Hartog, 2004). However, I didn’t have supervision and this affected my performance since I became reluctant. Due to the fact that there was no supervision, the understanding of the basic needs was not satisfied substantially as stated by theory of Maslow since I could not move up his hierarchy Maslow’s (1954). On the second week and particularly on day 14 I did not get any motivation. I knew that being ethical was the only motivation towards

Methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Methodology - Essay Example In the training step, the characteristics will be derived from a recognized speaker sound then stored in a database that has a model or an outline like Password or Name. The stored information is then extracted by means of the model given by an unidentified speaker. The recovered data is then compared with characteristics extracted from the unidentified speaker sound. If the evaluation result is positive, then the unidentified speaker will be validated. The figure above 3.2.2 demonstrates two things: how the word will be accepted from the speakers voice as well as how to distinguish the personality of the speaker. The speech identification will need from the speaker to record the word. The classifier will be employed so as to extract the characteristics of the voice of the speaker and then the representation will be made and saved in the catalog. Just for the speaker identification the speakers voice will be recorded then features will be taken out and will be evaluated against the other speakers models so as to accept or reject the personality of a speaker. The figure above 3.2.3 demonstrates the enrollment along with verification phases, in the previous stage the speakers voice will be recorded so as to extract the attribute from his/her voice. After that, the replica will be created for every speaker word and will be stored it in the database. During the verification stage, the speaker’s voice will be recorded, and then the traits will be extorted from the speakers voice. After that, the choice will be made so as to accept or reject the speaker depending on the assessment of the extracted characteristic from a speaker along with the other recognized speaker models that were stored in the database. For this project, I employed Hidden Markov Model (HMM) for recognition of speech. 3.1 Hardware depiction: The software will be executed by means of some devices such as Microphone in addition to the computer, the microphone should

Pizza Pan Business Plan Essay Example for Free

Pizza Pan Business Plan Essay P ? ? ? ? izza Pan is an Australian Company, has developed two new styles of frozen pizza that is lite-cheese, single size whole meal pizza and a jumbo, topping-plus pizza. Pizza Pan is considering undertaking a promotional campaign to market these new varieties in Malaysia. As a marketing manager, we are required to: To outline possible marketing goal for Pizza Pan in promoting these new products. To identify and analyses target markets for these two products. To develop a marketing mix for ONE of these product. To develop an appropriate competitive marketing strategies for Pizza Pan ? In order to outline possible marketing goal for Pizza Pan in promoting these new products. So fast food is one of the worlds largest growing food types. As such Pizza Pan is also one of the well known companies in frozen pizza. This has currently developed two new styles of frozen Pizza. One of the pizzas is a light-cheese, single-size and whole meal pizza whereas another pizza favor is a jumbo, topping-plus pizza. As all of us knew, Malaysia which is a multicultural country which populate by more than 2. 8 million people and they loves experiencing new products and specially food and this country surrounded by hyper-competitors, yet Pizza Pan is considering undertaking a promotional campaign to market these new varieties in Malaysia. Obviously in order to promote these products effectively and efficiently the company needs planning ahead the marketing goals and strategies. Since Malaysia population was 28,728,607 during July 2012. Meanwhile there are 28,728,607 people on Malaysia, out of 29. 6% of Malaysian was 0-14 years old; 65.4% who are in 15-64 years old and there are also over 5% of Malaysian are 65 years old and above. Refer to the index shown; we had decided the goal of Pizza Pan is within one year 80% of Malaysian will get know Pizza Pan. We set the goal at 80%, there are 29. 6% of people are 0 to 14 years old in Malaysia let ignore the baby so we minus out 15 % on the group of age in 0 to 14 year olds so it will be 14. 6% of people who are in 9 to 14 years old. When added up with the group who are in 15 to 64 years old, 65. 4% + 14. 6% there are 80%. Now 80% of Malaysian there are all who can have Pizza or who love Pizza. It’s because baby who just born will not able to enjoy Pizza Pan and People Who over 65 years old will not like fast food or less although when they are young they like to have it. So we decided to minus out this two group therefore Pizza Pan has specific segments to achieve. Then, another goal would be associative in promoting these new Pan Pizza. One of it is to become the market share leader of frozen pizza products amongst its other competitors. Due to that creating customers awareness is also another important goal in promoting these new products. Whereby the company is aiming of rising up to 80% awareness towards these products and beat the rest of the competitors. In simple word, Pizza Pan Company also aims in retaining new customers into long term customers. With this, sales of the new product can be increased due to excellent brand image, attractive advertisement, showing the temptation to eat the product which has been positioned in consumers mind and their willingness to spend the money or experience new products on how creativity of the product can meet their satisfaction comparing to the standards favor of frozen pizza. In brief, we expect customers be aware of these new products in the market. For instance, during the first promotional period of these products, we are targeting the sales of RM2 billion for the frozen pizzas with low price strategy to gain the market share during the growth of life-cycle. In addition achieving true and loyalty customers towards the products is also our objective. In order to be first among equals in a category, the company needs to be more innovative by designing more alternatives selection for consumers. Besides, the company needs to promote the category brand first after only individual brand. Due to promoting frozen pizza it has an advantage like promotional saying â€Å"let frozen pizza refresh you today†, â€Å"Eat fresh anytime frozen pizza†, â€Å"Instant pizza, frozen pizza† â€Å"Ready to eat any time† etc†¦. ? In order to identify and analyses target markets for these two pizza products target markets for Pizza Pan Company are demographic, geographical, psychographic and behavioral. The company is intending to promote the two new products into the selected target markets. This would be metropolitan cities such as Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru, Selangor, Penang etc†¦ From the demographic market point of views, Pizza Pan Company is targeting for the highest expiation of consumers which are between 18 to 48 years of age and the expiation is starting to drop at the starting ages of 49 for the people. Besides, the company is not fixing the gender of consumers of selecting the products. Demographic speaking, the company is targeting for the single and married people who are like main customer for the company. It can be easy for the people who are individuals or even working marriage couples who are likelihood to consume frozen pizza and having busy life style and have to prepare meals for themselves. So it’s time consuming and full satisfaction for busy people. Moreover it will also ease the burdens of parent as even children can prepare their own meals in a very safe way. Not only income and occupation of consumers are included in the demographic market. For example, a person who is holding the high-position in the rapid changing world, can means he/she is high income earner who has to responsible with amount of workloads through working against its time. Hence, they are encountering frozen pizza is fast food and best convenient option for them to work through their days. Besides, the company is targeting for the Englisheducated students who are more likely to follow the western style by consuming frozen pizza as their priority frequent meal whereas Chinese -educated students are preferred in consuming flour products as their elementary needs such as rice. Since Malaysia is multicultural country and comprising of variety race with different religion. Therefore, Pizza Pan Company is taking into consideration of religion respects as their target market. As a result, two new frozen pizzas are promoting but restricting with no pork contents, namely Halal in order to be available for Malaysian consumers. Also, the young generation has becoming the target market to focus on nowadays. Owing to the lack of responsibilities that teenagers have and the lack of home cooked meals whiles home alone, along with current trends of impatience youngsters that everything must be simple and fast, thus frozen pizza is a quick alternative for meal. The geographical target market for the company is Malaysia. The company is targeting for the metropolitan such as Kuala Lumpur which is the capital of Malaysia and Penang as the second high population area. Johor Bahru with high population and the people who works in Singapore, so basically they don’t have time to cook or even eat outside food. However, the company would only develop the two new products to other urban area and rural area when the company’s see some progress or growth in economic situation. Besides that, it is also due to the reason that rural area people spending power is dependable on their own economic growth. This is generated in a traditional way for many decades instead of spending on a new product. Moreover, the new products are available in shopping malls, grocery shops and even schools. Another target markets owing to psychographic is individuals who value their health and diet. They are those who have a fast-paced life and dont seem to have much time on their hands. They are those who find it difficult to fit in something health for lunch as anything that is fast is fast-food. For example, frozen pizza is quick, easy and delicious at the same time can have for lunch. The home oriented is the people who are willingly to stay in the house rather than hanging out for their lunch or dinner. Besides, target market to focus on for Pizza Pan is all social class can enjoy the frozen pizza as it is economical for everyone. With the outgoing and energetic personality individuals are on the list of target market because they might curious to come across of how delicious a new frozen pizza can be. The target markets for behavioral segmentations are benefits, usage status and attitude towards product. Attitude towards product is the emotional response in which positive attitude would affect the usage and loyalty status to a company. If the new frozen pizzas are meeting the customers satisfaction, hence new consumers would insist of consuming the pizza by shifting to the regular consumers. In order to benefits the on diet or health conscious consumers, Pizza Pan is designing the light-cheese, single -size and whole meal pizza with adequate nutritious guaranteed on the package. Moreover, the advantages of new frozen pizzas are only to be cooked in just 5 minutes. It would beneficial busy workers who are working around the clocks to be fast and convenient for their time efficiency yet economical for their livings in the rat race world. ? In order to develop a marketing mix for ONE of the products. The marketing mix is primarily made up of four variables and they are 4p’s which is Product, Place, Price, and Promotion. The marketing mix is often described as a method used in developing a viable marketing strategy, with each ingredient being used different ways and at different times based on the product or service one is trying to market . The type of place channels used by Pizza Pan is the direct channel. The direct channel is successful when there is a very large market that is geographically dispersed. The direct channel is also useful when there are a large number of buyers, but a small amount purchased by each. Pizza Pan uses two different methods of selling its products directly to the market. The first method of place used by Pizza Pan is free delivery as suppliers . The Company would supply their products to wholesalers, retail chains, supermarkets and online but with certain amount of purchase or even small neighborhood grocers for their mass selling. The advantages of using the method are a lower search cost or easy to find for our consumer. Consumers will not have to search the lengths of the earth to find our product. Basically they could find it anywhere. Another method of distribution is for consumers to dine-in especially those who are travelers can go to the highway recreational stands or even conveniences stores like 24 hours Seven-Eleven shop to purchase the fresh from oven frozen pizza. It can mean convenient as quick and take-away products for the travelers eager of reaching the destination. Product Pizza Pan should offer a new product called The Deluxe Plus pizza. The Deluxe Plus is a light-cheese, single-size, whole meal pizza which is the alternative choice for the health-conscious who is on diet with light cheese content pizza along with the current trend that slim is beautiful for female who is likely to consume whole meal foods rather than origin flour foods. This new pizza will have many different competitive advantages. The first competitive advantage of The Deluxe Plus is dietetic food concerned for consumers. The second competitive advantage is the whole meal pizza which is in reasonable price and single-size than any other pizza on the market which is a jumbo pizza. In simple words, it would be a waste for an individual finish the pizza on time. Thus, The Deluxe Plus helps for cost-saving. Another competitive advantage is the Pizza Pan brand name. Pizza Pan has built an international brand name which means quality products. Since Pizza Pan will be introducing The Deluxe Plus customers will automatically think this is a high quality product. The final competitive advantage is that this product will be the special designed pizza to target Malaysian youth. The Deluxe Plus will target young generation or people between the ages of 18 and 48. This market purchases a lot of pizza each year, but very few pizza restaurants actually target them. It will be introduced on Rtm1, 2, 3, 8TV channel. During the introduction stage of the product life cycle, Pizza Pan will try to establish a market for the product and persuade early adopters to buy. The Deluxe Plus is expected to begin and declining the purchase intent after one year on the market. Pricing strategy plays an importance role too because it affects both revenue and buyer behavior. The retail pricing strategy allows Pizza Pan to charge a price that is lower than the competition, in order to promote the frequent sales since the market of the demand of suppliers and consumers are elastic. Customers are price sensitive and the quantity demanded will increase significantly as price decline. Therefore, several sales promotions and coupons will be used to lower the price below those competitors. For example, Pizza Pan is offering free pizza on purchase on two pizzas on special occasions like Chinese New Year, Deepavli or Raya holidays etc†¦ The high or low pricing strategy has several advantages. Firstly, pricing strategy will help to segment the market. Different groups of customers are willing to pay different prices for the same product. Pizza Pan is enabling to sell The Deluxe Plus to the consumers who are first-come-firstserve with economical price. Customers will be able to try something new when they purchase The Deluxe Plus and this exciting experience may bring those customers back to purchase other products. The main theme that will be used to promote The Deluxe Plus is youth. Since Life brand of tomato, chili or BBQ sauce is becoming the non-substitute items for Pizza, therefore it will be included in promotions like KFC. The main promotion will be a coupon to purchase The Deluxe Plus and receive a bottle of sauces which includes many favors. The objectives of this promotion are to introduce a new product, stimulate demand, change the short-term behavior of the customers; This promotion will be distributed mainly by mail, but also by fliers on college campuses or supermarket malls in order to reach the target market. The Deluxe Plus will be published in the newspapers or magazines that are popular with the target market such as STAR, New Straits Times, Woman weekly, Apartments post box and Seventeen. Although advertisements are not cheap, Pizza Pan is an Australian company who is preparing the financial resources to advertise. The young people will then eat The Deluxe Plus with their favor sauces. There will also the teaser banners will be bought to be displayed on bus stops, lampposts or even the Billboard announcements will be placed wherever on the highways for the travelers to notice it. Thu, the advertisements campaign can create awareness of the new product in the target markets. ? In order to develop appropriate competitive marketing strategies for Pizza Pan, Pizza Pan has tough competitors such as Pizza Hutt, Dominos, Barista, Papa Johns, Subway and many others. Hence, there are several competitive marketing strategies that are developed in order to compete with them. Our main intention is to be overall cost leadership, for offer lowest price to the consumer. We are also planning to practice differentiation by offering products with unique customers benefit or features which is not available from the competitive offerings. For instance the The Deluxe Plus which is a health concern product. We want to create a unique selling proposition that gives a real competitive edge Pizza Pans business growth strategy starts with a strong competitive positioning strategy in the marketplace there will discounts offered as a part of a grand opening campaign. Moreover we should watch on over competitor’s strategies too whatever they apply for their product we could plan for it too. Such as Pizza Hutt is offering buy one get one free so pizza pan could work on that too. Then, product leadership is also another strategy as we aim in leading in frozen pizza In Malaysia. Hence, before leading in we have to enter the new global markets; we also intend to create a local partnership with Malaysian businessman. For example, Pan Pizza that originated from Australian company would identify local partners in Malaysia like share holders in food industries so that it will be easier for them to markets the new variety products in Malaysia. This is because local partners know on how to attract their country people and to bring these products to customers as they can receive a good response. Another marketing strategy would be balancing customers and competitor orientations. In specific, we focus on being market centered company. This actually focuses more on customers development in designing strategy. Whereby strategies that can increase products availability and promotion in existing markets. To enter new global markets, the we would make a sponsorship within targeted countries. For example Pizza Hut is an American restaurant chain International franchise having their store locations in Malaysia and they achieve their goals and objective of their company like sponsoring shirt for English football club or become a part time sponsor of Galaxy M. Thus, we would also sponsor for Malaysian tennis or squash team during tournament. Finally, a small-scale trial can be a good way of testing a marketing strategy without committing to excessive cost. Whereby, a SWOT analysis would be carried out that includes strength, weakness, opportunities, threats. As for strengths, Pizza Pan is known for personal and flexible customers and service, depth industry experience, creative yet practical product designer, the use of highly flexible and efficient utilizing direct customer’s sales and distribution, varied menu items for broad appeal, high/consistent quality, and strong advertising marketing promotion. Then, weaknesses of lack of an established reputation of frozen Pizza in Malaysia, In conclude, promotion methods used by Pizza Pan tend to create product awareness amongst its new consumer in frozen pizza market. As mentioned earlier segment of the market that we have targeted is a very diverse group whereby promotion of the product has to be done in a very diversify style and unique. It is also believed that The Deluxe Plus will bring Pizza Pan a great success by using effective marketing mix strategy which may even consume high cost in its promotional campaigns but, however we strongly believe that, our potential product will cover the cost and gain maximum profit. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Demographics_of_Malaysia http://www. pizzapanonline. com/ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pizza_Pan http://www. marketingteacher. com/lesson_marketing_mix. htm http://www. markedbyteachers. com/catalogsearch/result/index/? http://in_defense_of_frozen_foods_9907348. html http://www. quickmba. com/marketing/mix/ Uk marketing uni. Kotler keller,(2006),marketing management.

Case Study Analysis Cost Of Capital At Ameritrade Finance Essay

Case Study Analysis Cost Of Capital At Ameritrade Finance Essay Capital Asset Pricing Model is a model that describes the relationship between risk and expected return  and  that is used in the pricing of risky securities. Description: Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) The general idea behind CAPM is that investors need to be compensated in two ways: time value of money  and risk. The time value of money is represented by the risk-free(rf) rate  in the formula and compensates the investors for placing money in any investment over a period of time. The other half of the formula represents risk and calculates the amount of compensation the investor needs for taking on  additional risk. This is calculated by taking a risk measure (beta)  that compares the returns of the asset to the market over a period of time and to the market premium (Rm-rf). The CAPM says that the expected return of a security or a portfolio equals the rate on a risk-free security plus a risk premium. If this expected return does not meet or beat the required return, then the investment should not be undertaken. The security market line plots the results of the CAPM for all different risks (betas). Using the CAPM model  and the following assumptions, we can compute the expected return of a stock in this CAPM example: if the risk-free rate is  3%, the beta (risk measure) of the stock is 2 and the expected market return over the period is 10%, the stock is expected to return 17% (3%+2(10%-3%)). CAPM has a lot of important consequences. For one thing it turns finding the efficient frontier into a doable task, because you only have to calculate the co-variances of every pair of classes, instead of every pair of everything. Another consequence is that CAPM implies that investing in individual stocks is pointless, because you can duplicate the reward and risk characteristics of any security just by using the right mix of cash with the appropriate asset class. This is why followers of MPT avoid stocks, and instead build portfolios out of low cost index funds. Cap-M looks at risk and rates of return and compares them to the overall stock market. If you use CAPM you have to assume that most investors want to avoid risk, (risk averse), and those who do take risks, expect to be rewarded. It also assumes that investors are price takers who cant influence the price of assets or markets. With CAPM you assume that there are no transactional costs or taxation and assets and securities are divisible into small little packets. CAPM assumes that investors are not limited in their borrowing and lending under the risk free rate of interest. How to Calculate the Cost of Equity CAPM The cost of equity is the amount of compensation an investor requires to invest in an equity investment. The cost of equity is estimable is several ways, including the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The formula for calculating the cost of equity using CAPM is the risk-free rate plus beta times the market risk premium. Beta compares the risk of the asset to the market, so it is a risk that, even with diversification, will not go away. As an example, a company has a beta of 0.9, the risk-free rate is 1 percent and the expected return on the equity investment is 4 percent. Instructions Determine the market risk premium. The market risk premium equals the expected return minus the risk-free rate. The risk-free rate of return is usually the United States three-month Treasury bill rate. In our example, 4 percent minus 1 percent equals 3 percent. Multiply the market risk premium by beta. In our example, 3 percent times 0.9 equals 0.027. Add the risk-free rate to the number calculated in Step 2 to determine the cost of equity. In our example, 0.027 plus 0.01 equals a cost of equity of 0.037 or 3.7 percent. . Combining the risk-free asset and the market portfolio gives the portfolio frontier. The risk of an individual asset is characterized by its co-variability with the market portfolio. The part of the risk that is correlated with the market portfolio, the systematic risk, cannot be diversified away. Bearing systematic risk needs to be rewarded. The part of an assets risk that is not correlated with the market portfolio, the non-systematic risk, can be diversified away by holding a frontier portfolio. Bearing non-systematic risk need not be rewarded. For any asset i: where We thus have an asset pricing model the CAPM. Example. Suppose that CAPM holds. The expected market return is 14% and T-bill rate is 5%. What should be the expected return on a stock with ÃŽÂ ² = 0? Answer: Same as the risk-free rate, 5%. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The stock may have significant uncertainty in its return. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ This uncertainty is uncorrelated with the market return. What should be the expected return on a stock with ÃŽÂ ² = 1? Answer: The same as the market return, 14%. What should be the expected return on a portfolio made up of 50% T-bills and 50% market portfolio? Answer: the expected return should be  ¯r = (0.5)(0.05)+(0.5)(0.14) = 9.5%. Multifactor CAPM In CAPM, investors care about returns on their investments over the next short horizon they follow myopic investment strategies. In practice, however: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Investors do invest over long horizons à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Investment opportunities do change over time. In equilibrium, an assets premium is given by a multi-factor CAPM : Limitations of CAPM Based on highly restrictive assumptions i.e. no tax, transaction costs etc Serious doubts about its testability. Market factor is not the sole factor influencing stock returns. Summary of CAPM CAPM is attractive: 1. It is simple and sensible: is built on modern portfolio theory distinguishes systematic risk and non-systematic risk provides a simple pricing model. 2. It is relatively easy to implement. CAPM is controversial: 1. It is difficult to test: difficult to identify the market portfolio difficult to estimate returns and betas. 2. Empirical evidence is mixed. 3. Alternative pricing models might do better. Multi-factor CAPM. Consumption CAPM (C-CAPM). APT. Other Methods for calculating cost of equity There are 3 methods which are mainly used for calculating Cost of equity other than CAPM Arbitrage Pricing theory 3 factor method Dividend Growth Method Arbitrage Pricing Theory APT assumes that returns on securities are generated by number of industry-wide and market-wide factors. Correlation between a pair of securities occurs when these securities are affected by the SAME factor or factors. Return on any stock traded in a financial market consists of two parts. R = Re + U Where, R = return on any stock Re = Expected or Normal return (depends on all of information shareholders have on the stock for next month.) U = Uncertain or Risky return (this comes from information revealed in the month) U = m +  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   Where, m = Systematic risk or market risk (it influences all assets of market)  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ½ Unsystematic risk (it affects single asset or small group interrelated of assets, it is specific to company) The capital asset pricing theory begins with an analysis of how investors construct efficient portfolios. But in real life scenarios, it isnt necessary that every time portfolios will be efficient. It is developed by Stephen Ross. Moreover, the return is assumed to obey the following simple relationship: Where b1, b2 and b3 are sensitivities associated with factor 1, factor 2 and factor 3 which can be interest rate or other price factors. Noise =  Ã‚ ¥ is event unique to the company. APT states that the expected risk premium on a stock should depend on the expected risk premium associated with each factor and the stocks sensitivity to each of the factors. Thus, formula modifies to: Where, rf = risk free rate is subtracted from each return to give risk premium associated from each factor. Analysis of the formula: If we put value for b = 0, the expected risk premium will be zero. It will create a diversified portfolio which has zero sensitivity to macroeconomic factor which offers risk free rate of interest. Portfolio offered a higher return, investors could make a risk-free (or arbitrage) profit by borrowing to buy the portfolio. If it offered a lower return, you could make an arbitrage profit by running the strategy in reverse; in other words, you would sell the portfolio and invest the proceeds in U.S. Treasury bills. Consider portfolio A and B are sensitive to factor 1, A is twice sensitive to factor1 as then portfolio Therefore, if you divided your money equally between U.S. Treasury bills and portfolio A, combined portfolio would have exactly the same sensitivity to factor 1 as portfolio B and would offer the same risk premium. Steps of Arbitrage Pricing Theory The various steps during Arbitrage Pricing Theory can be stated as: Identify the macroeconomic factors: APT doesnt indicate which factors are to be considered. But there are 6 principle factors which are: Yield spread interest rate, exchange rate, GNP inflation portion of the market return Estimate the risk premium of each factor Estimate the factor sensitivity Net Return = risk free interest rate + expected risk premium 3 factor model It is a special case of APT It considers 3 major factors called as market factor size factor book to market factor. There is also evidence that these factors are related to company profitability and therefore may be picking up risk factors that are left out of the simple CAPM. The practical application of this model is to estimate the betas for the three factors and then use them to predict where returns should fall, much like the CAPM. It was researched by Fama and French. Dividend Growth Method Dividend Discount Model. It is useful when the growth rate of dividend is forecasted constantly. The present value of stocks is given as Where, r = discount rate, g = rate of growth, DIV = annual cash payment, This formula can be used when growth rate g When growth rate = rate of return, the present value becomes infinite. For perpetual growth, r > g. Growing perpetuity formula, Where,P0 in terms of next years expected dividend DIV g = the projected growth trend r = expected rate of return on other securities of comparable risk. We can estimate cost of equity from this formula by re-arranging. Lets understand by an example: Suppose that your company is expected to pay a dividend of $1.50 per share next year. There has been a steady growth in dividends of 5.1% per year and the market expects that to continue. The current price is $25. Then cost of equity r is given as: When the growth rate isnt constant but varies from year to year, then average can be calculated. Growth rate for current year is calculated using the formula: For example, Year Dividend (in Rs. Million) Percent change (g) 2000 1.23 2001 1.30 (1.30 1.23) / 1.23 = 5.7% 2002 1.36 (1.36 1.30) / 1.30 = 4.6% 2003 1.43 (1.43 1.36) / 1.36 = 5.1% 2004 1.50 (1.50 1.43) / 1.43 = 4.9% Growth rate is average of all percent changes and equals This model serves the major advantage of being easy to understand and use but has a major drawback total dependence on dividend and it cannot be used where company isnt paying any dividend. Also, it doesnot consider any risk and is highly sensitive to the change in growth rate. Estimating Beta Beta is an important term in Capital Asset Pricing Method. Beta is the non-diversified risk of holding a single stock. But it turns out that companies in similar markets have similar risks. Interpretation of beta Beta = 1,it matches market portfolio Beta > 1, higher risk. Beta Methods for calculation of beta It is calculated as: beta_{i} = frac {mathrm{Cov}(R_i,R_m)}{mathrm{Var}(R_m)} Where, Ri = rate of return of asset and Rm is rate of return of market. Thus, beta is dependent on regression analysis. Beta is found by statistical analysis of individual, daily share price returns, in comparison with the markets daily returns over precisely the same period. We need to gather a lengthy time-series of observations for the market return and the individual asset return. Then required co-variances and variances can be calculated. If coefficient of correlation P is known then The alternative method of calculating beta is (by rearranging terms from CAPM equation): In practice, an additional constant alpha is also added in the above equation which tells how much better (or worse) the funds did than what the CAPM predicted. Alpha is a risk-adjusted measure of the so-called active return on an investment. Here, E(Ri) Rf is estimated return on asset portfolios and E(Rm) Rf is estimated return on market index. In order to check that there are no serious violations of the linear regression model assumptions. The slope of the fitted line from the linear least-squares calculation is the estimated Beta. The vertical intercept of this curve is called as the alpha. For a portfolio of assets, we have the relation: Given that beta is a linear risk measure, the beta of a portfolio of assets as simply the weighted average of all the individual betas that comprise the portfolio. HANU Estimate of Risk Premium We dont have reliable estimate where stock market will move in future. So we are using long term historical spreadsheets for estimate large stock than small stocks because they are more closer to proper estimate of market We are considering all values after Second World War because after that laws became stable in U.S. Risk premium = Rm Rf U.S. government securities rate = 6.69% (20 years bond, Exhibit 3) Average annual return for Large company stocks = 14 % (Exhibit 3) So Risk premium for Ameritrade = 14 % 6.69 % =7.31 %

jackson :: essays research papers

Jackson inspired much of America during his eight years as president. His rise from the backwoods of Carolina to the nation's highest office helped inspire hope that in America anyone could accomplish anything. His message to Americans helped jumpstart movements in improve public education, abolish debtors' prisons, organize for women's rights, care for the infirm and indigent, and in general work to the world a better place. Jackson reached out to the people that he governed in a way no prior President had, encouraging them and showing a unique humbleness that made him seem approachable. Jackson's "approachability," though, caused occasional problems. Once, while aboard a naval ship in Alexandria, an angry seaman punched the President in the face. Two years later, in 1835, Jackson faced the first known assassination attempt on a U.S. president. While Jackson was in the Capitol attending a funeral, a man named Richard Lawrence fired two pistols point-blank at the President–only to have both guns misfire. Jackson raised his cane and charged Lawrence, but an army officer wrestled the man to the floor before Jackson could attack. The charging of his would-be assassin is representative of how Jackson handled much of his Presidency: strong-armed and unafraid. When Jackson decided on something, he would relentlessly wear down his opponents. In addition to staring down the Bank supporters and the nullifiers, Jackson slowly won an argument which the French government that had dragged on for almost two decades. The French refused to pay Americans back for damages caused on shipping during the Napoleonic wars, even though they had paid such damages to the British. Then, finally, when damages were assessed in 1831, the French made no move to pay them. But with the people–even the Whigs–behind him, Jackson was not afraid to demand payment. In a message to Congress he suggested a bill to penalize French holdings for the amount of the damages, and in 1836 the French had paid four of six installments of damages. Jackson's announcement helped lay the groundwork for a successful White House bid by Vice Presid ent Martin Van Buren–thereby avenging Van Buren's failed nomination to be minister to Britain. Never one to leave a friend behind, Jackson also hoped to avenge the failed nomination of his Treasury Secretary, Roger Taney, whom he later nominated and had confirmed as Chief Justice. As a final chapter in his quest for financial stability in America, Jackson announced in December 1834 that the nation would by debt-free on January 1, 1835–the only time in American history that the government did not owe anyone anything.

Copper Mountain Essay -- Environmental Issues

It’s a sunny October afternoon and I’m listening to the breeze gently rustle the tree tops above me. I look down into the creek as I sit here munching on some cashews, and I see trout gliding effortlessly through the crystal-clear water. I revel in how incredibly lush the area is†¦although it’s been a dry summer the ground is still moist, plants are bright and colorful, and wildlife is abound. After I finish my snack and tuck my trash away into my backpack, I continue my hike up this parcel of land that is may soon become barren with towers of steel and wire draping the landscape. I wonder to myself what will become of these fish, or the fresh clean water that runs into the Reeder Reservoir, the source of Ashland’s drinking water. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ski area expansions are the most ecological damaging task that an area can undertake. In a plan revision for the White River National Forest in Colorado, regarding the Copper Mountain Ski Resort expansion, the EPA hammers that point home when they say that â€Å"†¦no other land management prescription on the Forest directly results in more stream-water depletion, wetland impacts, air pollution, permanent vegetation change, or permanent habitat loss†¦ more wetland impacts and stream depletions resulted from ski area expansion and improvement than from all other Forest management activities combined, including many direct and indirect impacts that are permanent (irreversible and irretrievable).† Meanwhile, skier numbers nationally have only increased just two percent since 1978(source). Which begs the question, why have ski area sizes more than doubled in acreage to the tune of 107%(source)? Mt. Ashland’s future expansion surely isn’t needed due t... ...ts past development and expansion of the Copper Mountain ski area as major factor in the degradation of the watershed and local water quality. Impacts include: increased peak flows, increased water temperature, increased erosion and sediment transport, and decrease flow due to snowmaking activities. The USDA has taken exhaustive steps to help mitigate the damage caused by the expansion at a great financial cost to taxpayers. The USDA has had to redesign all stream crossings to allow for higher stream flows and to withstand expected floods. They also performed physical modifications of the stream patterns and stream geometry to improve long term stream health. Environmental Scorecard Concerned locals first brought attention to the Environmental Scorecard in November of 2008 after an article published in the local newspaper, Ashland Daily Tidings, appeared.

Leadership Theories and Concepts

Evolution of leadership theories 1) The Great man Theory (Trait Theories) These were basis of leadership research until 1940’s. The great man theory from Aristoteham philosophy asserts that some people are born to lead whereas others are born to be led. Trait theory(ies) assume that some people have certain characteristics or personality trait that make them better leaders than others. (refer to traits as stipulated by Bass (notes) Behavioral Theories During human relations era, many behavioural and social scientists studying management also studied leadership.Emphasis was on what the leader did – leaders style of leadership (Lewin 1951) and White & LippiH (1960) came up with leadership styles: i) Authoritarian ii) Democratic & leissez-faire Authoritarian leader is characterized by the following behaviours (refer previous notes also) i) Strong control is maintained over the work group. ii) Others are motivated by coercion. iii) Others are directed with commands. iv) Com munication flows downwards. v) Decision making does not involve others. vi) Emphasis is on difference in status (â€Å"I† and â€Å"you†). ii) Criticism is punitive (should be constructive) Productivity is high but creativity, self motivation and autonomy are reduced. Authoritarian leadership is useful in crisis situations and frequently found in large bureaucrasis such as Armed Forces. Democratic leader exhibits the following behaviours * Less control is maintained. * Economic and ego awards are used to motivate. * Others are directed thorough suggestions and guidance. * Communication flows up and down. * Decision making involves others. * Emphasis is on â€Å"we† rather than â€Å"I† and â€Å"you†. * Criticism is constructive.Because many people have to be consulted it takes time and therefore frustrating to these who wants modified. Leissez-Fair Leader * Is permissive with little or no control. * Motivate by support when requested by the group or individuals. * Provides little or no direction. * Uses upward and downward communication – members of group. * Places emphasis on the group and does not criticize. * Leissezfare leadership is appropriate when problems are poorly defined and brainstorming is needed to generate alternative solutions. Situational & Contingency Leadership Theories:No one leadership style is ideal for every situation Situational Theories: Leaders are product of a given situation. It supports the follower theory which states that people will follow people who they see as means of accomplishing their personal ends. Contingency Theory .The theory urgues that leaders must alter their style in a manner consistent with the aspects of the context Combines traits and situation. People become leaders because of their responsibility and situational factors. * Leader subordinate relationship (a leader/people to lead). The extent to which the leader is liked, trusted and respected by followers. * The task structure, whether jobs are structured and clarified. The position power and degree of influence a leader has over the group e. g. hire or fire, discipline promotes rewards and 1. Blake and Moutonris managerial grid 9 roles of managerial gnd). The managerial grid Five leadership styles are plotted in four quadrants of a two dimensional grid. The grid depicts various degrees of leader 1. Impoverished – Low concern for both production and people. 2. Authority compliance – high concern for production and low concern for people. . Middle of the road – moderate concern for production and people. 4. Country club – High concern for people and low concern for production. 5. Team – High concern for both production and people. MANAGERIAL GRID 91. 9 Country club9. 9 Team 8 Concern for people 7 6 55. 5 Middle of the road 4 3 2 1 1. 1 Impoverished9. 1 Authority Compliance 0123456789 Concern for production Continuum of leadership behavior Leadership is depicted as occurring along a continuum. It focuses on decision making styles of managers let and continuum – reflects a manager’s centred style.Managers are autocratic and directive and simply makes and announces decisions. At the right end, managers are employee centred. They use a laissez-faire style and permit employees to set their own goals and function within established parameters. NB: No leadership style is appropriate/correct for every management situation. Manager centred leadershipEmployee centred leadership Use of Authority by The manager Area of freedom for employees * incentives. Contemporary Theories of Leadership i) Schein (1970) – Systems Theory. SYSTEM 4 MANAGEMENT Developed by Likert.It is based on the premise that involving employees in decisions about work is central to effective leadership. It has four dimensions based on increasing levels of employee’s involvement. 1. Autocratic leaders – have little trust in employees and exclude th em in decision making. 2. Benevolent leaders – Are kind to employees but still do not involve them in decision making. 3. Consultative leaders – Seek employee’s advice about decisions. 4. Participative or democratic leaders – they value employees involvement, team work and team building.They also have high levels of confidence in employees and seek consensus in decision making. Transformational Leadership Burns (1978) suggested that both leaders and followers have the ability to raise each other to higher levels of motivation and morality. He identified this concept as transformational leadership. He maintained that there are two types of leaders in management. 1. The traditional manager, concerned with the day to day operations was termed as Transactional Leader. 2. The manager who is committed, has a vision and is able to empower others with this vision was termed as Transformational leader.Differences between the two: Transactional LeaderTransformation al Leader * Focuses on management tasks. – Identifies common values. * Is caretaker (takes care of tasks. – Is committed (extra mile). * Uses tradeoffs to meet goals. – Inspires others with vision. * Shared values not identified. – Has longterm vision. * Examiner causes. – Looks at effects. * Uses contingency rewards. – Empowers others. Vision is the essence of transformational leadership. Vision implies the ability to picture some future state and describe it to others so they will begin to share the dream.Wolf and colleagues (1994) defined transformational leadership as an interactive relationship based on trust that positively impacts both the leader and the follower. * The purposes of the leader and follower become focused, crating unity, wholeness and collective purpose. Transformational leaders are able to crate change because of their futuristic focus, values, creativity and innovations. * They value organizational culture and values strongly perpetuating these some values and behaviours in their staff. â€Å"Visioning is the mark of transformational leader; visionary leadership allows nurses to create a picture of an ideal future.In sharing these visions the transformational leader empowers staff to find a common ground and a sense of connection. Transformational leaders do the following to achieve results: i. Involve stakeholders (including staff) from the outset when change occurs. ii. Focus on the quality of service. iii. Use non-hierarchical teams with devolved leadership. iv. Create supportive and informal culture. v. Implement successful change leadership. Important concepts in leading/directing Supervision (overseeing) Supervision is another leadership behavior.It includes inspecting another’s work, evaluating his/her performance and approving or correcting performance. Good supervision is facilitative because a good supervisor inspects work in progress and can remedy inadequate performance befor e serious consequences develop. The intensity of supervision should match situational requirements, employees needs and managers leadership skills. Supervision must be appropriate in type and intensity for work groups members to interact effectively e. g. technical nurses need closer supervision than professional nurses. Intensity of supervision should also depend on manger-caregiver ration.A manager can effectively supervise a large number of subordinates when they are confined in a small area, perform similar jobs and are fairly educated. The purpose of supervision is to inspect, evaluate and improve worker performance. Therefore a criteria is needed for judging the quality of work processes and outcomes. Job description and associated performance standards provide such evaluation criteria. The following performance elements should be appraised. 1. Quantity of work output 2. Quality of output 3. Time use 4. Conservation of resources 5. Assistance to co-workers 6. Support of admini strators Co-ordinationThis is another leadership activity. It includes all activities that enable work group members to work together harmoniously. Co-ordination ensures that everything that needs to be done is done and that no two people are doing the same thing (or duplication of activity). Coordinating means: 1. Distributing authority 2. Providing channels of communication 3. Arranging work so that the * Right things are done. * At the right time * In the right place * In the right way * By the right people The overall results of coordination should be orderly work, harmonious, efficient and successful activities CommunicationManagement is working through others in order to achieve organizational goals. Therefore a manager must be able to communicate ideas, opinions, requests and directions effectively to co-workers. Effective communications consist of transmitting an accurate message to the proper recipients at the appropriate time in a manner that conserves the senders and rece ivers energy, followed by checking that the intended message was received. Communication can therefore be defined as the exchange of information or understanding between a sender (source) and a receiver (audience).It includes verbal and non verbal through which meaning is conveyed to others. Silence is also considered as communication since it can also convey a meaning. The process involves a message which is encoded and transmitted through some medium to a receiver who decodes the message and then a feedback to the sender. Communication model: Methods of communication (channels) Receiver Sender Message Feedback Giving feedback indicates understanding of the message; hence there is effective two way communication which is necessary for effective management: ORGANIZATION COMMUNICATION: (give a handout)Formal channels of communication: Those are the official paths prescribed by the management which generally follow the organizational chain of command: information may be communicated i n several ways: a. Downward communication b. Upward communication c. Horizontal communication Downward communication: The information flows down the organizational hierarchy from managers to subordinates and the objectives of this four of communication is: * To give directives. The staff is told what needs to be done or given information to facilitate the job to be done e. g. procedure guidelines. Upward Communication:Occurs from staff to management or from lower management to middle or upper management. It mainly involves reporting pertinent information to facilitate problem solving and decision making. It reveals problem areas, indicates status of worker ‘s morale and makes workers feel part of the organization. Horizontal communication: This is routinely achieved through committees or teams e. g. Outpatient management teams, clerical teams. Committees provide a mechanism for representatives of different organizational units at similar levels to discuss common problems and p otential problems face to face.This is time consuming, expensive and their decisions are often compromises that may represent ineffectual solution. Lateral Communication: Occurs between individuals or departments at the same hierarchical level (e. g. nurse managers). Diagonal Communication: Involves individuals or departments at different hierarchical levels (staff nurse to chief of medical staff). Both lateral and diagonal communication involves information sharing, discussion and negotiation. Informal Communication: An informal channel seen in organization is the grapevine (i. e. rumours and gossips).This is often rapid, haphazard and prone to distortion. Managers can control negative aspects of the grapevine by communicating accurately, timely information, by maintaining and activating open channels of communication in all directions and by moving quickly to correct inaccurate information. BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION 1. Environmental Barriers: (Noise, Attention, Time) a. Noise â₠¬â€œ Can cause misunderstanding since it makes it difficult for one to hear. b. Attention – Multiple and Simultaneous demands on the sender may cause the message content to be packaged inappropriately (phone, signing documents). c.Time – If less, the sender may have little opportunity to completely think through structure the message to be conveyed, while to the receiver there is inadequate opportunity to ascertain its meaning. 2. Philosophy, Levels, Power Status a. Philosophy – an organization that is not interested in promoting communication upward or downward will certainly establish procedural and organizational blockages. E. g. inaccessibility to superiors, lack of interest in employees, insufficient time to receive information, retard communication flow, lack of action with regard to complaints, ideas, and problems tend to discourage flow of information.Multiple levels in an organization hierarchy tend to cause message distortion. b. Levels: When multiple links exists in the communication chain information will be rearranged as it is transmitted to other receivers. c. Power status relationship: This can also distort or inhibit transmission of message. A discordant superior-subordinate relationship can dampen the flow and content of information. In health organizations it is quite common e. g. patients may not question the doctor or a very experienced nurse may not tell a doctor that the treatment is wrong! d.Terminology and Complexity of the message: Words mean specific things to those who are familiar with them and tend to minimize misunderstanding vice versa. Complexity of message with terminology that may be unfamiliar to the receiver will obviously lead to misunderstanding of the message. COMMUNICATION IN GROUPS / TEAMS A GROUP:- A group is an aggregate of individual who interact and mutually influence each other. We have two types of Groups Formal Groups These are clusters of individuals designated by an organization to perform specified organ tasks. Taskforces, committees teams e. injection control team. Informal Groups Groups that evolve from social interactions that are not defined by an organizational structure. e. g People who take levels together who convince sponeneously to discuss a clinical dilemma. A. Teams Teams are real groups in which individuals must work co0operatively with other in order to achieve some goals. They demonstrate healthy interdependence. A team is composed of a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, set of performance goals and approach for which they held themselves mutually accountable.Teams have commend or line authonty to perform tasks and membership is based on the specific skills required to accomplish the task. Phases of GROUP AND formation Concepts/ leaves develop in the following phases 1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing 5. Adjourning 1. Forming This is the initial stage of group development in which indivi dual members assemble into a well defined cluster ( members get to know each other, and very cautions. 2. Storming The second stage of group department, in which group members develop ** and relationship; competition and conflict generally occur. . Norming 3rd stage of Group development. The Group defines its goals and rules of behavior. They define acceptable and unacceptable behavior attitudes. They define acceptable and unacceptable behavior attitudes ** develops. 4. performing (4th stage) The members agree on basic purposes and activities and came out the work. Cooperation improves and emotional issues subside. Members communicate effectively and interact in a relaxed atmosphere of sharing. 5. Adjourning This is the final stage of group development, in which a group dissolves after achieving its objectives.Team building/ team development. This is a group development technique that focuses on task and relationship aspects of group functioning in order to build team cohesiveness. Team building involves a) Gathering data through individual interviews, questioners and or group meetings a benefit the team and its functioning. b) Digressing the team strengths and arcsine need of development. c) Helding semi- structural retreat sessions usually ducted by an experienced facilitator aimed at addressing priority team problem. Characteristics of effective teams 1. Clear objectives and agreed goals . Openness and confrontation 3. Support and trust 4. Co-operation and conflict 5. Sound procedures 6. Appropriate leadership 7. Regular review 8. Individual development 9. Sound intergroup relations Communicating in Groups Characteristics of Groups 1) Norms: These are informal rule sin behaviour shared and enforced by group members e. g Time keeping, changing of shifts. Roles A role is a set of expected behaviors that fit together into a unified whole and are characteristic of persons in a given context. Roles commonly seen in groups can be classified as auther; Task RolesN urturing roles or social emotional roles Individuals performing task roles attempt to keep group focused on its goals. STATUS This is a social ranking of individual relative to others in a group based on the position they occupy. Status comes from factors the group values such as achievement, personal characteristics the ability to control rewards or the ability to control information. Higher status members often exercise more influence in group decisions than others. In Summary Communication is influenced by the status and roles of the individuals who dominate team discussions. e. High – status members who are fulfilling key roles in relation to a teams priorities are likely to exercise considerable control over communication in the group by determining topics, setting the tone of the discussions and influencing how decisions are made. Communicating with others in the clinical setting 1. Communicating with supervisions Communicate with supervision to develop a good working r elationship. 1. Always observe professional courtesy. 2. incase of any problem, follow the policy and procedure of the organization 3. If not an emergency, request for an appointment, to discuss the problem further.This demonstrates right time and place. 4. State the concern clearly and accurately. 5. Provide supporting evidence 6. State a willingness to co-operate in finding the solution. 7. Match behaviors to words. Communicating with co-workers * To collectively provide quality patients care, nurses depend on co-workers and this requires effective communication. * Do unto others as you wound have them do into you * Your perspective should be that all members of the team are important to successfully realize quality patient care. * Appreciate others for work well done * Offer constructive feedback Be open to the possibility that coworkers especially those with experience have some wisdom to share with you. Communicating with others practitioners * Always introduce yourself to othe r practitioners. ( or if you are the manager, introduce new gradates. Students to other practitioners) * Be honest and up front. Ask something that you are not aware off. * Show respect and consideration for other practitioners you work with ( But don’t be a dormant) * Present information in a straight forward manner, clearly delineating the problem supported by pertinent evidence. Document well especially if the expected actions were not done in the incident book. MOTIVATION Motivation describes the factors that initiate and direct behavior. Therefore a nurse manager’s most important leadership task is to maximize subordinates work motivation because employees bring to the organization different needs and goals, the type and intensity of motivators vary among employees. Therefore the nurse manager must know which needs the employee expects to satisfy through employment and should be able to predict, which needs will be satisfied through the job duties of each nursing position.Importance of Motivation Motivation is a very important for an organization because of the following benefits it provides:- 1. Puts human resources into action Every concern requires physical, financial and human resources to accomplish the goals. It is through motivation that the human resources can be utilized by making full use of it. This can be done by building willingness in employees to work. This will help the enterprise in securing best possible utilization of resources. 2. Improves level of efficiency of employees The level of a subordinate or a employee does not only depend upon his qualifications and abilities.For getting best of his work performance, the gap between ability and willingness has to be filled which helps in improving the level of performance of subordinates. This will result into- a. Increase in productivity, b. Reducing cost of operations, and c. Improving overall efficiency. 3. Leads to achievement of organizational goals The goals of an enterpr ise can be achieved only when the following factors take place :- d. There is best possible utilization of resources, e. There is a co-operative work environment, f. The employees are goal-directed and they act in a purposive manner, g.Goals can be achieved if co-ordination and co-operation takes place simultaneously which can be effectively done through motivation. 4. Builds friendly relationship Motivation is an important factor which brings employees satisfaction. This can be done by keeping into mind and framing an incentive plan for the benefit of the employees. This could initiate the following things: h. Monetary and non-monetary incentives, i. Promotion opportunities for employees, j. Disincentives for inefficient employees. In order to build a cordial, friendly atmosphere in a concern, the above steps should be taken by a manager.This would help in: a. Effective co-operation which brings stability, b. Industrial dispute and unrest in employees will reduce, c. The employees will be adaptable to the changes and there will be no resistance to the change, d. This will help in providing a smooth and sound concern in which individual interests will coincide with the organizational interests, e. This will result in profit maximization through increased productivity. 1. Leads to stability of work force Stability of workforce is very important from the point of view of reputation and goodwill of a concern.The employees can remain loyal to the enterprise only when they have a feeling of participation in the management. The skills and efficiency of employees will always be of advantage to employees as well as employees. This will lead to a good public image in the market which will attract competent and qualified people into a concern. As it is said, â€Å"Old is gold† which suffices with the role of motivation here, the older the people, more the experience and their adjustment into a concern which can be of benefit to the enterprise. From the above disc ussion, we can say that otivation is an internal feeling which can be understood only by manager since he is in close contact with the employees. Needs, wants and desires are inter-related and they are the driving force to act. These needs can be understood by the manager and he can frame motivation plans accordingly. We can say that motivation therefore is a continuous process since motivation process is based on needs which are unlimited. The process has to be continued throughout. We can summarize by saying that motivation is important both to an individual and a business. Motivation is important to an individual as: 1.Motivation will help him achieve his personal goals. 2. If an individual is motivated, he will have job satisfaction. 3. Motivation will help in self-development of individual. 4. An individual would always gain by working with a dynamic team. Similarly, motivation is important to a business as: 1. The more motivated the employees are, the more empowered the team i s. 2. The more is the team work and individual employee contribution, more profitable and successful is the business. 3. During period of amendments, there will be more adaptability and creativity. 4.Motivation will lead to an optimistic and challenging attitude at work place. Motivational theories (REFER TO NOTES ON NEOCLASSICAL THEORISTS) Motivational theories were concerned with three things: a. What mobilizes or energizes human behavior. b. What directs behavior towards the accomplishment of some objectives. c. How such behavior is sustained over-time. Motivation theorists 1. Maslow Hierarchy of needs (5). 2. Alderfer – 3 need levels: Existence, relatedness, growth theories. 3. Herzbergs two factor theory 4. Skirine’s reinforcement theory – behavior modification (behavior becomes associated with a particular consequence.Consequences may be positive or negative. A positive reinforces reward, a negative reinforces like punishment. 5. Vrooms expectancy theory à ¢â‚¬â€œ emphasizes the role of rewards and this relationship to the performance of desired behavior. 6. Adams (equity theory) – the motivational theory that suggests that effort and job satisfaction depend on the degree of equity or 7. Goal Theory (locke). 8. Equity – the perception that one’s work contribution is rewarded in the same proportion that another person’s contribution is reward.